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Method and sources

How this collection was made

A short, plain account of where the entries come from, what was tidied for this presentation, and what remains to be done. Everything else on the site is about civilizations themselves.

About the entries

  • The entries are preserved from the earlier civilization.study research archive. Every one is still a draft.
  • The Guns · Germs · Style letters are the author’s reading, not measurements.
  • Figures marked † are scholarly estimates; some series with mismatched labels or placeholder-looking values are left out of charts.
  • Art is AI-made, in the style of the Patterns of Civilization chronicle — illustration, not evidence.
What was changed for this presentation
  • Civilization labels were unified (48 spellings to 15). The six Byzantine series are folded under Greco-Roman with a visible “Byzantine / Eastern Roman 500–1200” label and a chart break across 300–500 (an editorial choice; the count stays at fifteen). Records whose CAD tags were back-filled by inference (138) keep them as estimates, out of filters. 15 urbanization series were relabelled as estimated urban population (4 with a high-end caveat) and 2 modern ones were rejected and held out.
  • “(if … created)” notes were removed from 260 entries.
  • 290 links to entries that do not exist are not shown as links.
  • 45 data series are held out as unverified; 341 are marked as estimates.
  • 5 duplicate bibliography entries were merged.
  • 294 sources that were only names are now identified (Wikipedia and DOI matches, library-catalogue matches, dataset landing pages). Identification confirms the source exists; it does not check what an entry draws from it.
  • Links the authors meant but never wrote were re-pointed where an equivalent entry exists (75 links).

Sources

SourceAuthorYearCitedStatus
The Rise of the West: A History of the Human CommunityWilliam H. McNeill1963174documented
A Study of HistoryArnold J. Toynbee193472documented
Maddison Project Database 2020Maddison Project202059documented
The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West,Geoffrey Parker199638documented
UN Population Division World Population ProspectsUnited Nations Population Division202436documented
Atlas of World Population HistoryColin McEvedy, Richard Jones197831documented
Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human SocietiesJared Diamond199730documented
A Culture of Growth: The Origins of the Modern EconomyJoel Mokyr201629documented
Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative StudyBruce G. Trigger200326documented
Civilizations: Culture, Ambition, and the Transformation of NatureFelipe Fernandez-Armesto200021documented
Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990–1990Charles Tilly199020documented
Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical CensusTertius Chandler198715documented
Influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin WestStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy202513documented
Plagues and PeoplesWilliam H. McNeill197612documented
The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492Alfred W. Crosby197212documented
World Development Indicators: Population, total (SP.POP.TOTL)The World Bank12documented
World Development Indicators: GDP (current US$) (NY.GDP.MKTP.CD)The World Bank12documented
SIPRI Military Expenditure DatabaseStockholm International Peace Research I12documented
The Military BalanceInternational Institute for Strategic St12documented
China, Europe, and the Great Divergence: A Study in Historical NationaStephen Broadberry, Hanhui Guan, David D20189documented
Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest StatesJames C. Scott20178documented
Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 ADAngus Maddison20078documented
World Development Indicators (DataBank)The World Bank7documented
Chinese civil serviceEncyclopaedia Britannica20257documented
African Civilizations: An Archaeological PerspectiveGraham Connah20017documented
Neo-Confucian PhilosophyInternet Encyclopedia of Philosophy20256documented
AshokaEncyclopaedia Britannica20256documented
Identity, Kinship, and the Evolution of CooperationUniversity of Chicago Press Journals20206documented
Debt: The First 5,000 YearsDavid Graeber20116documented
Resort to War: 1816-2007Meredith Reid Sarkees, Frank Whelon Waym20106documented
ScholasticismWikipedia contributors20255documented
Enuma elishEncyclopaedia Britannica20255documented
The Year 1000: When Explorers Connected the World—and Globalization BeValerie Hansen20205documented
The Early Chinese EmpiresMark Edward Lewis20075documented
The Great Arab ConquestsHugh (Hugh N.) Kennedy20075documented
Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom: China, the West, and the Epic Story ofStephen R. Platt20125documented
The Roman RevolutionRonald Syme19395documented
NāgārjunaStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy20254documented
Analytic PhilosophyInternet Encyclopedia of Philosophy20254documented
Logical PositivismEncyclopaedia Britannica20254documented
Locke's Political PhilosophyStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy20254documented
AugustinianismWikipedia contributors20254documented
Marsilio FicinoWikipedia contributors20254documented
Radius of TrustVarious20044documented
The Rise and Fall of Ancient EgyptToby Wilkinson20134documented
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the BronzeChristopher I. Beckwith20094documented
Ultrasociety: How 10,000 Years of War Made Humans the Greatest CooperaPeter Turchin20204documented
The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman WorldWalter Scheidel, Ian Morris, Richard Sal20094documented
The Ancient MayaRobert J. Sharer, Loa P. Traxler20064documented
From Cyrus to AlexanderPierre Briant20024documented
Early Islamic ConquestsFred M. Donner19814documented
National Bureau of Statistics of ChinaNational Bureau of Statistics of China4documented
World Development Indicators: Urban population (% of total population)The World Bank4documented
World Development Indicators: Tax revenue (% of GDP) (GC.TAX.TOTL.GD.ZThe World Bank4documented
World Development Indicators (DataBank)The World Bank4documented
The lever of richesJoel Mokyr19904documented
SIPRI Military Expenditure DatabaseStockholm International Peace Research I4documented
SIPRI Military Expenditure DatabaseSIPRI Military Expenditure Database4documented
Songhai Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20264documented
Polybius, Histories, Book 3 (Perseus Digital Library, Paton transl.)Polybius-1504documented
The Mongol Conquests in World HistoryTimothy May20124documented
Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years WarPeter H. Wilson20094documented
Correlates of War: Intra-State War Data, v4.1 (SideADeaths, SideBDeathMeredith Reid Sarkees, Frank Wayman20104documented
Khubilai Khan: His Life and TimesMorris Rossabi19884documented
Neoplatonism and ChristianityWikipedia contributors20253documented
Augustine reconciles Christianity and NeoplatonismLowimpact.org20253documented
Understanding the Revival of Confucianism in China’s Contemporary PoliThe Grimshaw Review of International Aff20253documented
Four Buddhist Persecutions in ChinaWikipedia contributors20253documented
Huang–LaoWikipedia contributors20253documented
AvicennaWikipedia contributors20253documented
Avicenna (Ibn Sina)Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy20253documented
Latin AverroismEncyclopaedia Britannica20253documented
Creation mythWikipedia contributors20253documented
Ancient Egyptian creation mythsWikipedia contributors20253documented
Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and PracticeColin Renfrew, Paul Bahn20163documented
The Ancient Civilizations of Mesoamerica: A ReaderMichael E. Smith, Marilyn A. Masson20033documented
The Two Eyes of the Earth: Art and Ritual of Kingship between Rome andMatthew P. Canepa20103documented
Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective AcElinor Ostrom19903documented
The Analects of ConfuciusConfucius, D.C. Lau (translator)19793documented
The Qur'anM.A.S. Abdel Haleem (translator)20043documented
Ancient Ghana and MaliNehemia Levtzion19733documented
Early Mesopotamia: Society and Economy at the Dawn of HistoryJ. N. Postgate19923documented
A History of Islamic SocietiesIra M. Lapidus20143documented
A History of the Arab PeoplesAlbert Hourani20133documented
Cultural atlas of Mesopotamia and the ancient Near EastMichael Roaf19903documented
Mali Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20263documented
Tibetan Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20263documented
Besieged: Siege Warfare in the Ancient WorldDuncan B. Campbell20063documented
The Athenian Trireme: The History and Reconstruction of an Ancient GreJ. S. Morrison, J. F. Coates, N. B. Rank20003documented
The Background of the Rebellion of An Lu-shanEdwin G. Pulleyblank19553documented
The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589-906, Denis Twitchett (ed.)19793documented
Gunpowder and Galleys: Changing Technology and Mediterranean Warfare aJohn F. Guilmartin Jr.19743documented
The Conquest of the IncasJohn Hemming19703documented
Siege Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World 1494-1660Christopher Duffy19793documented
The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649-1815N. A. M. Rodger20043documented
The Song-Yuan-Ming Transition in Chinese HistoryPaul Jakov Smith, Richard von Glahn (eds20033documented
Iran under the SafavidsRoger Savory19803documented
China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central EurasiaPeter C. Perdue20053documented
Mexico and the Spanish ConquestRoss Hassig19943documented
Conquest: Montezuma, Cortes, and the Fall of Old MexicoHugh Thomas19933documented
Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil WarJames D. Fearon, David D. Laitin20033documented
Francisco de Xerez, Narrative of the Conquest of Peru, in C. R. MarkhaFrancisco de Xerez, Clements R. Markham 18723documented
al-Baladhuri, The Origins of the Islamic State (Futuh al-Buldan), partal-Baladhuri, Philip K. Hitti (transl.)19163documented
Bernal Diaz del Castillo, The True History of the Conquest of New SpaiBernal Diaz del Castillo, A. P. Maudslay19103documented
Neo-PlatonismAugnet.org20252documented
Gottlob FregeWikipedia contributors20252documented
ŚūnyatāWikipedia contributors20252documented
NagarjunaInternet Encyclopedia of Philosophy20252documented
Upanishadic Stories And Their Significance (full text)Various20152documented
How John Locke Influenced the Declaration of IndependenceJohn Locke Foundation20252documented
Galileo affairWikipedia contributors20252documented
Rethinking role of women in medieval educationEuropean Commission CORDIS20212documented
Emperor Wu of HanWikipedia contributors20252documented
Song Dynasty China: Neo-ConfucianismAsia for Educators (Columbia University)20252documented
Neo-Confucianism (Japanese philosophy)Encyclopaedia Britannica20252documented
The Drafting and Issuance of the Imperial Rescript on EducationMEXT (Japan)20182documented
East Asian MādhyamakaWikipedia contributors20252documented
DharmakīrtiStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy20252documented
Mu'tazilismWikipedia contributors20252documented
The Literary Criticism of Ibn RushdM.A.R. Habib20042documented
Mind–body dualismWikipedia contributors20252documented
Eridu Genesis — Sumerian Flood StoryStudy.com20252documented
Societal collapseWikipedia contributors20252documented
A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BCMarc Van de Mieroop20152documented
The Incas and Their Ancestors: The Archaeology of PeruMichael E. Moseley20012documented
The Code of HammurabiHammurabi, L.W. King (translator)19102documented
The RepublicPlato, Allan Bloom (translator)19912documented
The UpanishadsPatrick Olivelle (translator)19962documented
The Laws of ManuPatrick Olivelle (translator)20042documented
The Canon of MedicineIbn Sina (Avicenna), O. Cameron Gruner (19302documented
SIPRI Military Expenditure DatabaseStockholm International Peace Research I20242documented
Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley CivilizationJonathan Mark Kenoyer19982documented
The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary PerspectiveGregory L. Possehl20022documented
The Aztecs: A Very Short IntroductionDavid Carrasco20122documented
Aksum: An African Civilization of Late AntiquityStuart Munro-Hay19912documented
Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an EmpireTouraj Daryaee20142documented
The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern WorlKenneth Pomeranz20002documented
Passages from Antiquity to FeudalismPerry Anderson19972documented
The Pattern of the Chinese Past: A Social and Economic InterpretationMark Elvin19732documented
The Ladder of Success in Imperial China: Aspects of Social Mobility, 1Ping-ti Ho20062documented
A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as PS. D. Goitein19672documented
The Military Revolution and Political Change: Origins of Democracy andBrian M. Downing19922documented
Freedom and Growth: The Rise of States and Markets in Europe, 1300-175S. R. Epstein20002documented
The Persian EmpireKuhrt, Amélie Kuhrt20072documented
Alexander the GreatN. G. L. Hammond19892documented
Early IndiaRomila Thapar20022documented
The search for modern ChinaJonathan D. Spence19902documented
China - A New HistoryJohn King Fairbank19922documented
Andean ArchaeologyHelaine Silverman20082documented
Early mainland Southeast AsiaCharles Higham20142documented
World Population ProspectsUnited Nations, Department of Economic a2documented
OECD Data ExplorerOECD Data Explorer2documented
World Development Indicators (DataBank)The World Bank2documented
World Urbanization ProspectsUnited Nations, Department of Economic a2documented
OECD Data ExplorerOECD Data Explorer2documented
OECD Data ExplorerOECD Data Explorer2documented
Al-HindAndre Wink19912documented
OECD Data ExplorerOECD Data Explorer2documented
World Development Indicators (DataBank)The World Bank2documented
The Perilous FrontierThomas J. Barfield19892documented
The Tibetan Empire in Central AsiaChristopher I. Beckwith19872documented
WIPO IP Statistics Data CenterWIPO IP Statistics Data Center2documented
Inside the Black BoxNathan Rosenberg19822documented
World Development Indicators: Trade (% of GDP) (NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS)The World Bank2documented
OECD Data ExplorerOECD Data Explorer2documented
WTO Stats (statistics database)World Trade Organization2documented
Zhu Xi – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20262documented
Maurya Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20262documented
Inca Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20262documented
Old Swiss Confederacy – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20262documented
Mamluk Sultanate – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20262documented
Trisong DetsenWikipedia20262documented
SamyeWikipedia20262documented
5th Dalai LamaWikipedia20262documented
Ganden PhodrangWikipedia20262documented
Sundiata KeitaWikipedia20262documented
Mansa MusaWikipedia20262documented
Battle of CajamarcaWikipedia20262documented
The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265-146 BCAdrian Goldsworthy20002documented
Hannibal's War: A Military History of the Second Punic WarJ. F. Lazenby19782documented
Ma Duanlin, Wenxian Tongkao juan 10 (hu-kou), quoting Du You's TongdiaMa Duanlin, Du You13082documented
God's War: A New History of the CrusadesChristopher Tyerman20062documented
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty anMicheal Clodfelter20172documented
Caesar, Civil Wars 3.82-112 (Loeb Classical Library 1914 translation, Julius Caesar-472documented
Kingdom in Crisis: The Zulu Response to the British Invasion of 1879John Laband19952documented
The Washing of the Spears: The Rise and Fall of the Zulu NationDonald R. Morris19652documented
Caesar's Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman EmpireJosiah Osgood20062documented
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923Caroline Finkel20052documented
Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political ControlRoss Hassig19882documented
The Aztecs (3rd ed.)Michael E. Smith20122documented
Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast AsiaKenneth R. Hall19852documented
The Birth of VietnamKeith W. Taylor19832documented
China and Tibet in the Early 18th Century: History of the EstablishmenLuciano Petech19502documented
Greed and Grievance in Civil WarPaul Collier, Anke Hoeffler20042documented
Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern WorldJack A. Goldstone19912documented
Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle DeathsBethany Lacina, Nils Petter Gleditsch20052documented
Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of Ziad Obermeyer, Christopher J. L. Murray20082documented
Our World in Data grapher: Military spending (constant USD; SIPRI MiliSIPRI via Our World in Data20242documented
Our World in Data grapher: Military expenditure as a share of GDP (SIPSIPRI via Our World in Data20242documented
Correlates of War: National Material Capabilities v7.0 (milex, 1816-20J. David Singer, Stuart Bremer, John Stu20252documented
Correlates of War Project: COW War Data pageCorrelates of War Project20212documented
Toqto'a et al., Song shi juan 47 (annals of the last Song emperors), CToqto'a (chief compiler)13452documented
Song shi juan 46 (Duzong annals), Chinese text, zh.wikisource revid 26Toqto'a (chief compiler)13452documented
Dai Viet su ky toan thu, Ban ky quyen 5 (Tran annals), literary ChinesNgo Si Lien et al. (compilers)14792documented
Qing shi gao juan 525 (Fanbu 8: Tibet), Chinese text, zh.wikisource reZhao Erxun et al. (compilers)19282documented
Qing shi gao juan 7 (Shengzu annals 2), Chinese text, zh.wikisource reZhao Erxun et al. (compilers)19282documented
Great Britain War Office (Intelligence Branch), Narrative of the FieldWar Office, Intelligence Branch18812documented
Diego Duran, Historia de las Indias de Nueva Espana y islas de Tierra Diego Duran, J. F. Ramirez (ed.)18672documented
PlatoWikipedia contributors20251documented
OntologyWikipedia contributors20251documented
How a Daoist Movement Emerged Out of Han Dynasty ChaosThe World of Chinese20221documented
Condemnations of 1210–1277Wikipedia contributors20251documented
Japan Will Allow Its Schools to Use a Controversial 19th-Century ImperSmithsonian Magazine20171documented
The Mu'tazila PrinciplesWise Institute20251documented
Greek philosophy: impact on Islamic philosophyMuslim Philosophy20251documented
Descartes and the Discovery of the Mind-Body ProblemThe MIT Press Reader20201documented
How Descartes Inspired SciencePhilosophy Now20231documented
Worn out Philosophical Ideas Still Pervade the Practice of Medicine: TJournal of Behavioral Health20141documented
Chinese Creation Myths – China's Magical CreaturesMuhlenberg College Open Publishing20251documented
YmirWikipedia contributors20251documented
Hesiod, Theogony and Creation of Ancient Greek GodsEarly European History And Religion — Fa20251documented
DeucalionEncyclopaedia Britannica20251documented
National mythWikipedia contributors20251documented
The Myths of EnlightenmentBoston Review20161documented
Foundation Myths and Their Societal Impact: The American DreamDartmouth College20221documented
Historical myths as culturally evolved technologies for coalitional reBehavioral and Brain Sciences20211documented
Frontier mythWikipedia contributors20251documented
China: Great Firewall is Stifling Innovation Say ScholarsTIME20161documented
Dynastic cycle and shadows of the past over Xi’s ChinaThe China Story20221documented
Learning from the Psychology of Silicon Valley's Innovation CulturePsychology Today20231documented
The Key Reason for Silicon Valley’s SuccessISM Guide20241documented
Civilizational Resilience — TermSustainability Directory20251documented
The Collapse of Simple SocietiesPeter Turchin20131documented
The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and SocietyRita P. Wright20101documented
Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300-1800John N. Miksic20131documented
Foundations of an African Civilisation: Aksum and the Northern Horn, 1David W. Phillipson20121documented
The TibetansMatthew T. Kapstein20061documented
Zhu Xi: Selected WritingsZhu Xi, Philip J. Ivanhoe (translator)20191documented
The Digest of JustinianJustinian, Alan Watson (translator)19981documented
The Complete Roman ArmyAdrian Goldsworthy20031documented
The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300Romila Thapar20131documented
A History of Southeast Asia: Critical CrossroadsAnthony Reid20151documented
History, Culture, and Region in Southeast Asian PerspectivesO. W. Wolters19991documented
AxumYuri M. Kobishchanov, Joseph W. Michels 19791documented
Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and Their Tibetan SuccessorsDavid Snellgrove19871documented
Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sa'di's Ta'rikh al-Sudan down to 1John O. Hunwick20031documented
Ancient Middle Niger: Urbanism and the Self-Organizing LandscapeRoderick J. McIntosh20051documented
Visual and Written Culture in Ancient EgyptJohn Baines20071documented
Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt: A Study in Cultural EcologyKarl W. Butzer19761documented
The IncasTerence N. D'Altroy20021documented
From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian EmpirePierre Briant20021documented
Why Europe? The Rise of the West in World History, 1500-1850Jack A. Goldstone20091documented
Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800-1830Victor Lieberman20091documented
ReORIENT: Global Economy in the Asian AgeAndre Gunder Frank20111documented
The Great Sea: A Human History of the MediterraneanDavid Abulafia20111documented
The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean HistoryPeregrine Horden, Nicholas Purcell20121documented
Thinking about Property: From Antiquity to the Age of RevolutionPeter Garnsey20071documented
The Economic History of China: From Antiquity to the Nineteenth CenturRichard von Glahn20161documented
Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its OriginsJoseph Fontenrose19801documented
How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European PoeticsCalvert Watkins19951documented
Death, War, and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology and PracticeBruce Lincoln19911documented
Schopenhauer and the Eastern PhilosophyUrs App20081documented
Schopenhauer and BuddhismMoira Nicholls20001documented
Zhu Xi's Reading of the Analects: Canon, Commentary, and the ClassicalDaniel K. Gardner20031documented
Stoic StudiesA. A. Long20021documented
Gender in World HistoryPeter N. Stearns20111documented
Gender in History: Global PerspectivesMerry E. Wiesner-Hanks20181documented
Prophet and the Age of the CaliphatesHugh Kennedy20041documented
Ancient PersiaMatt Waters20141documented
The Black Death 1346-1353Ole J. Benedictow, Ole Jørgen Benedictow20041documented
The Black Death and the Transformation of the WestDAVID HERLIHY19971documented
1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization CollapsedEric H. Cline20141documented
The End of the Bronze AgeRobert Drews19931documented
Los pueblos del mar / The Sea PeoplesN. K. Sandars, Nancy Katharine Sandars19851documented
The medieval papacyGeoffrey Barraclough19681documented
CharlemagneRosamond McKitterick20081documented
King and EmperorJanet L. Nelson20191documented
Admiral of the ocean seaSamuel Eliot Morison19421documented
The Copernican revolutionThomas S. Kuhn19571documented
The Copernican QuestionRobert Westman20111documented
The Book Nobody ReadOwen Gingerich20041documented
Aurelian and the Third CenturyAlaric Watson19991documented
The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180-395David S. Potter20041documented
Roman Empire from Severus to ConstantinePat Southern20011documented
ConstantinopleJonathan Harris20071documented
The fall of Constantinople, 1453Steven Runciman19651documented
Everyday life in early Imperial China during the Han period 202 BC-AD Michael Loewe19861documented
The Bureaucracy of Han TimesHans Bielenstein19801documented
The fall of the Roman EmpireP. J. Heather20051documented
The world of late antiquity, AD 150-750Peter Robert Lamont Brown19711documented
Iron Kingdom - the Rise and Downfall of Prussia 1600 - 1947Christopher Clark20061documented
BismarckJonathan Steinberg20111documented
The German Empire, 1871-1918Hans-Ulrich Wehler19851documented
The World Is Flat -A Brief History OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURYThomas L. Friedman20051documented
Globalization and its discontentsJoseph E. Stiglitz20021documented
The globalization paradoxDani Rodrik20111documented
A history of IndiaHermann Kulke19981documented
India's Ancient PastR. S. Sharma, Ram Sharan Sharma19991documented
The ancient IndusRita P. Wright20101documented
The lever of richesJoel Mokyr19901documented
The British Industrial Revolution in Global PerspectiveRobert C. Allen20091documented
The wealth and poverty of nationsDavid S. Landes19981documented
In God's PathRobert G. Hoyland20151documented
The Making of Modern JapanMarius B. Jansen20001documented
A Modern History of JapanAndrew Gordon20031documented
The Meiji RestorationW. G. Beasley19721documented
Imperial China 900-1800F. W. Mote19991documented
The Confusions of PleasureTimothy Brook19981documented
Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern WorldJack Weatherford20041documented
Coming of the MongolsDavid Morgan, Sarah Stewart20071documented
Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World EmpirePaul D. Buell, Francesca Fiaschetti20181documented
Never at restRichard S. Westfall19801documented
Isaac NewtonA. Rupert Hall19921documented
The Oxford history of ancient EgyptIan Shaw, Ian Shaw20121documented
Ancient Egypt Anatomy of a CivilisationBarry Kemp20061documented
Mao's China And AfterMaurice Meisner19991documented
Family, fields, and ancestorsLloyd E. Eastman19881documented
The Punic warsAdrian Keith Goldsworthy20001documented
CarthageSerge Lancel19951documented
A history of the Roman worldH. H. Scullard19801documented
SPQRMary Beard, Silvia Furió20151documented
CaesarAdrian Goldsworthy20061documented
AugustusAnthony Everitt, Alexander López Lobo20061documented
The Ancestral LandscapeDavid N. Keightley19991documented
The Shape of the TurtleSarah Allan19911documented
Shang civilizationKwang-chih Chang19801documented
Cambridge History of China, Vol. 5 (Cambridge History of China)Denis Twitchett20091documented
The Open EmpireValerie Hansen20001documented
A history of modern RussiaRobert Service20091documented
The Soviet ExperimentRonald Grigor Suny19981documented
Everyday StalinismSheila Fitzpatrick19991documented
Seven Myths of the Spanish ConquestMatthew Restall20031documented
AztecsInga Clendinnen19911documented
China between empiresMark Edward Lewis20091documented
The Cambridge History of Ancient ChinaMichael Loewe, Edward L. Shaughnessy19991documented
Sources of Western Zhou HistoryEdward L. Shaughnessy19991documented
A monetary history of the Ottoman EmpireŞevket Pamuk20001documented
Roman aqueducts & water supplyA. Trevor Hodge19921documented
A history of IndiaBurton Stein19981documented
A history of the Arab peoplesAlbert Habib Hourani, Albert Hourani, Al19911documented
The AztecsMichael Ernest Smith20031documented
The Oxford history of ancient EgyptIan Shaw, Ian Shaw20001documented
Science and civilisation in ChinaJoseph Needham19541documented
Southeast Asia in the age of commerce, 1450-1680Anthony Reid19881documented
Ancient China and its EnemiesNicola Di Cosmo20021documented
An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoplesPeter B. Golden19921documented
TibetansMatthew T. Kapstein20061documented
Akbar – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Al-Biruni – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Al-Farabi – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Al-Ghazali – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Al-Kindi – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Archimedes – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Aristotle – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Augustus – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
The Buddha – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Julius Caesar – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Charlemagne – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Confucius – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Constantine the Great – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Cyrus the Great – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Euclid – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Galen – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Galileo Galilei – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Genghis Khan – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Hadrian – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Hunayn ibn Ishaq – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Ibn Battuta – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Ibn Khaldun – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Jesus – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Justinian I – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Niccolò Machiavelli – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Maimonides – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Marcus Aurelius – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Mencius – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Isaac Newton – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Omar Khayyam – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Ptolemy – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Qin Shi Huang – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Sima Qian – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Socrates – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Thomas Aquinas – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Abbasid Caliphate – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Achaean League – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Achaemenid Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Aetolian League – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Akkadian Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Ancient Egypt – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Asante Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Assyria – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Astrakhan Khanate – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Delian League – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Axum – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Ayutthaya Kingdom – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Ayyubid dynasty – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Aztec Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Babylonia – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Kingdom of Benin – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Burgundy – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Byzantine Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Carolingian Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Carthage – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Chagatai Khanate – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Champa – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Chimor – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Chola Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Umayyad state of Córdoba – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Crimean Khanate – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Đại Việt – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Delhi Sultanate – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Delian League – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
East Francia – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Fatimid Caliphate – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
First Bulgarian Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Florence – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Francia – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Genoa – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Ghana Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Ghaznavid Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Goguryeo – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Golden Horde – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Great Zimbabwe – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Gupta Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Han dynasty – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Hanseatic League – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Hittites – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Holy Roman Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Ilkhanate – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Joseon – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Kalmar Union – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Kanem–Bornu Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Khanate of Kazan – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Khazars – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Khmer Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Kievan Rus' – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Belgium – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Kushan Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Lan Xang – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Liao dynasty – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Macedonia (ancient kingdom) – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Majapahit – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Maya civilization – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Middle Kingdom of Egypt – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Milan – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Ming dynasty – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
France – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Germany – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
India – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Japan – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Mongol Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Mughal Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
New Kingdom of Egypt – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Normandy – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Novgorod Republic – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Nubia – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Old Babylonian Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Ottoman Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Oyo Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Pagan Kingdom – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Pallava dynasty – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Papal States – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Parthian Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Peloponnesian League – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Achaemenid Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Phoenicia – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Pisa – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Pskov Republic – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Ptolemaic Kingdom – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Qin dynasty – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Qing dynasty – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Rashidun Caliphate – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Rashtrakuta Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Roman Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Roman Republic – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Russia – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Safavid Iran – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Samarkand – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Sasanian Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Second Bulgarian Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Seleucid Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Seljuk Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Shang dynasty – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Sidon – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Siena – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Silla – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Song dynasty – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Soviet Union – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Sparta – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Srivijaya – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Sui dynasty – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Sumer – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Tang dynasty – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Teotihuacan – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Timurid Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Tiwanaku – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Tokugawa shogunate – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Toltec Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Umayyad Caliphate – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
United Kingdom – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
United States – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Ur – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Uruk – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Uyghur Khaganate – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Venice – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Vijayanagara Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Wari Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
West Francia – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Western Roman Empire – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Xiongnu – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Yuan dynasty – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Zhou dynasty – WikipediaWikipedia contributors20261documented
Songtsen GampoWikipedia20261documented
AtiśaWikipedia20261documented
TsongkhapaWikipedia20261documented
GelugWikipedia20261documented
JokhangWikipedia20261documented
Sunni AliWikipedia20261documented
Askia Mohammad IWikipedia20261documented
Battle of KirinaWikipedia20261documented
Battle of TondibiWikipedia20261documented
PachacutiWikipedia20261documented
Huayna CapacWikipedia20261documented
AtahualpaWikipedia20261documented
Inca Civil WarWikipedia20261documented
HuáscarWikipedia20261documented
Spanish conquest of the Inca EmpireWikipedia20261documented
CaralWikipedia20261documented
Norte Chico civilizationWikipedia20261documented
Ezana of AxumWikipedia20261documented
Kingdom of AksumWikipedia20261documented
Kaleb of AxumWikipedia20261documented
Himyarite KingdomWikipedia20261documented
K'inich Janaab' Pakal IWikipedia20261documented
PalenqueWikipedia20261documented
Classic Maya collapseWikipedia20261documented
Fall of TenochtitlanWikipedia20261documented
Aztec Triple AllianceWikipedia20261documented
Suryavarman IIWikipedia20261documented
Angkor WatWikipedia20261documented
Jayavarman VIIWikipedia20261documented
Angkor ThomWikipedia20261documented
Analytic philosophyWikipedia20261documented
Translation movementWikipedia20261documented
Toledo School of TranslatorsWikipedia20261documented
Edicts of AshokaWikipedia20261documented
AshokaWikipedia20261documented
Augustine of HippoWikipedia20261documented
The Canon of MedicineWikipedia20261documented
Cartesian dualismWikipedia20261documented
René DescartesWikipedia20261documented
Imperial examinationWikipedia20261documented
AverroismWikipedia20261documented
John LockeWikipedia20261documented
Natural and legal rightsWikipedia20261documented
Logical positivismWikipedia20261documented
Vienna CircleWikipedia20261documented
Neo-ConfucianismWikipedia20261documented
NagarjunaWikipedia20261documented
MadhyamakaWikipedia20261documented
MihnaWikipedia20261documented
Thucydides 2.13 (Perseus Digital Library, Crawley transl.; read)Thucydides-4001documented
Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War (Perseus Digital Library,Thucydides-4001documented
The Peloponnesian WarDonald Kagan20031documented
The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian ExpeditionKagan Donald19811documented
Polybius, Histories 1.63 (Perseus Digital Library, Paton transl.; readPolybius-1501documented
The First Punic War: A Military HistoryJ. F. Lazenby19961documented
Livy, From the Founding of the City, Book 22 (English translation hostLivy-201documented
Livy, The War with Hannibal (Penguin Classics, transl. Aubrey de SelinLivy19651documented
Arrian, Anabasis 2.24 (English translation as hosted on johndclare.netArrian1401documented
Arrian, The Campaigns of Alexander (Penguin Classics, transl. A. de SeArrian19711documented
Sima Qian, Shiji juan 73 (Bai Qi-Wang Jian liezhuan), Changping passagSima Qian-911documented
The Battle of Lepanto and Its Place in Mediterranean HistoryAndrew C. Hess19721documented
II. Viyana Kusatmasi / Yedi Basli Ejderin FendiŞakul Kahraman20211documented
Napoleon's Wars: An International History, 1803-1815Charles Esdaile20071documented
The Cambridge History of the Napoleonic Warsn/a20221documented
The Napoleonic Wars (2): The Empires Fight Back 1808-1812 (Essential HFisher Todd20011documented
The Inner Opium WarJames M. Polachek19921documented
God's Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong XiuquanJonathan D. Spence19961documented
Sima Qian, Shiji juan 108 (Han Changru liezhuan), Mayi ambush passage Sima Qian-911documented
Fan Ye, Hou Hanshu juan 23 (Dou Rong liezhuan, Dou Xian passage: JiluoFan Ye4451documented
Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East AsianNicola Di Cosmo20021documented
Opening up the Silk Roadn/a20071documented
The Last Generation of the Roman RepublicErich S. Gruen19741documented
Caesar, The Civil Wars (Loeb Classical Library, transl. A. G. Peskett,Julius Caesar19141documented
Last Days of the IncasMacQuarrie Kim20121documented
Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sa'di's Ta'rikh al-sudan down to 1John O. Hunwick19991documented
The Battle of Adwa: African Victory in the Age of EmpireRaymond Jonas20111documented
A History of EthiopiaHarold G. Marcus19941documented
Armies of the Adowa Campaign 1896Mclachlan Sean20111documented
The Mfecane as Alibi: Thoughts on Dithakong and MbolompoJulian Cobbing19881documented
Has the Mfecane a future? a response to the Cobbing critiqueOmer-Cooper J. D.19931documented
Conference report: Mfecane afterthoughtsSaunders Christopher19911documented
A False Emptiness: How Historians May Have Been Misled by Early NineteEtherington Norman20041documented
China's Tibet PolicyNorbu Dawa20011documented
Sulla: The Last RepublicanArthur Keaveney19821documented
4. Numbers in Mongol WarfareSverdrup Carl20101documented
The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of PowerColin Imber20021documented
Firearms and Military Adaptation: The Ottomans and the European MilitaÁgoston Gábor20141documented
The Aztec "Flowery War": A Geopolitical ExplanationIsaac Barry L.19831documented
The Career and Legend of Vasco da GamaSanjay Subrahmanyam19971documented
The ColasK. A. Nilakanta Sastri19551documented
Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay PeninsulaMunoz Paul Michel20061documented
A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1200 (4th ed.)M. C. Ricklefs20081documented
The Indianized States of Southeast AsiaCoedès George19961documented
The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires (transl. and ed. Armando Cortesao), HaTome Pires19441documented
The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825C. R. Boxer19691documented
A History of MalaysiaBarbara Watson Andaya, Leonard Y. Andaya19821documented
Sichuan Frontier and TibetDai Yingcong20111documented
The Empire and the Khanate: A Political History of Qing Relations withLaura J. Newby20051documented
Wild West ChinaTyler Christian20041documented
Fifth SunTownsend Camila20191documented
Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of tSimon Martin, Nikolai Grube20081documented
Seven Myths of the Spanish ConquestMatthew Restall20031documented
Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th Century MexicoAcuna-Soto Rodolfo20021documented
The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has DeclinedSteven Pinker20111documented
War in Human CivilizationAzar Gat20061documented
The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the StoWalter Scheidel20171documented
The Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English State, 1688-1783John Brewer19891documented
Correlates of War: Inter-State War Data, v4.0 (WarNum, BatDeath)Meredith Reid Sarkees, Frank Wayman20101documented
Our World in Data grapher: Deaths in ongoing state-based conflicts, byUCDP/PRIO via Our World in Data20241documented
Armed Conflict 1946-2001: A New DatasetNils Petter Gleditsch, Peter Wallensteen20021documented
Correlates of War Project: National Material Capabilities data pageCorrelates of War Project20251documented
Herodotus, Histories 7.89, 8.48, 8.89, in G. Rawlinson (transl.), The Herodotus, George Rawlinson (transl.)18621documented
Appian, Civil Wars 1.82 and 1.93 (H. White transl., Loeb 1913, on LacuAppian, Horace White (transl.)19131documented
Appian, Civil Wars 4.88 (H. White transl., Loeb 1913, on LacusCurtius;Appian, Horace White (transl.)19131documented
Plutarch, Life of Antony 61 and 68 (B. Perrin transl., Loeb 1920, on LPlutarch, Bernadotte Perrin (transl.)19201documented
Sima Qian, Shiji juan 6 (Annals of Qin Shi Huang), Chinese text on zh.Sima Qian-911documented
Sima Guang, Zizhi Tongjian juan 216 (Tianbao 10 / 751 CE), Chinese texSima Guang10841documented
Babur, The Babur-nama in English, transl. Annette S. Beveridge, vol. 2Zahir al-Din Muhammad Babur, Annette S. 19221documented
Bras de Albuquerque, The Commentaries of the Great Afonso DalboquerqueBras de Albuquerque, Walter de Gray Birc18801documented
Abd al-Rahman al-Sa'di, Tarikh es-Soudan, French transl. O. Houdas (PaAbd al-Rahman al-Sa'di, Octave Houdas (t19001documented
R. B. Cunninghame Graham, Bernal Diaz del Castillo: Being Some AccountR. B. Cunninghame Graham19151documented
N. H. Nicolas (ed.), The Dispatches and Letters of Vice Admiral Lord VCuthbert Collingwood, Nicholas Harris Ni18461documented
E. Hultzsch (ed./transl.), South-Indian Inscriptions vol. 2: Tamil InsRajendra Chola I (inscription), E. Hultz18951documented
Treaty of Westphalia (Peace of Munster), English text, Avalon Project,Holy Roman Emperor and King of France (p16481documented
Treaty of Nanking (1842), English text on en.wikisource, revid 1517227Great Britain and Qing China (parties)18421documented
Urban II, Speech at the Council of Clermont, 1095 (Medieval SourcebookUrban II (as reported by Fulcher of Char10951documented
Ludolph of Suchem, The Fall of Acre, 1291 (Medieval Sourcebook, FordhaLudolph of Suchem, Paul Halsall (ed.)13501documented
Yuan shi juan 209 (Annan), Chinese text, zh.wikisource revid 2261886; Song Lian et al. (compilers)13701documented
Yuan shi juan 210 (Java section), Chinese text, zh.wikisource revid 21Song Lian et al. (compilers)13701documented
Jin shi juan 18 (Aizong annals, part 2), Chinese text, zh.wikisource rToqto'a (chief compiler)13441documented
Zizhi Tongjian juan 223 (Guangde 1, 763), Chinese text, zh.wikisource Sima Guang10841documented
Qing shi gao juan 12 (Gaozong annals 3), Chinese text, zh.wikisource rZhao Erxun et al. (compilers)19281documented
Qing shi gao juan 475 (biography of Hong Xiuquan), Chinese text, zh.wiZhao Erxun et al. (compilers)19281documented
Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, Book II, chs. 8, 10, 11, 12, transl. E.Arrian, E. J. Chinnock (transl.)18841documented
Baha al-Din ibn Shaddad, The Life of Saladin, transl. C. W. Wilson andBaha al-Din ibn Shaddad, C. R. Conder (e18971documented
al-Maqrizi, Histoire des sultans mamlouks de l'Egypte, transl. E. Quatal-Maqrizi, Etienne Quatremere (transl.)18371documented
Gaspar Correia, Lendas da India, t. 1 pt. 2, ed. R. J. de Lima Felner Gaspar Correia, R. J. de Lima Felner (ed18591documented
Caterino Zeno (narrative printed 1558), in C. Grey (ed./transl.), A NaCaterino Zeno, Charles Grey (ed.)18731documented
Hong Kong Telegraph, 4 April 1896 (telegrams dated Massowah 3 March anHong Kong Telegraph (newspaper)18961documented
A True and Exact Relation of the Raising of the Siege of Vienna and thAnonymous (London, 1683)16831documented
China and Tibet in the Early 18th Century: History of the EstablishmenLuciano Petech19721documented
The History of PhilosophyPhilosophical Society20250documented
What is the difference between Stoicism's logos and Zhu Xi's li (理)?Philosophy Stack Exchange20250documented
Schopenhauer on Buddhism and HinduismReddit r/philosophy20250documented
Chronological map of the great philosophersFIX University20250documented
ExistentialismStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy20250documented
Analytic Philosophy Is a Flawed Framework for the LeftJacobin20250documented
Logic in Mathematics and Computer SciencearXiv20240documented
On the Value of Analytic PhilosophySveinbjorn Thordarson20250documented
Cult of the Supreme BeingWorld History Encyclopedia20250documented
The Islamic Scholar Who Gave Us Modern PhilosophyNational Endowment for the Humanities20110documented
Sky Gods Battling DragonsWorld Axis20240documented
How the universe was created? (Hinduism Stack Exchange)Stack Exchange20250documented
Roman Republic vs. Roman Empire and The Imperial SystemTheCollector20230documented
When Heaven Withdrew Its Mandate: How Confucian Hierarchy Crumbled in Jefferies Jiang20240documented
The Measure of Civilization: How Social Development Decides the Fate oIan Morris20130documented
Upheaval: Turning Points for Nations in CrisisJared Diamond20190documented
PoliticsAristotle, Ernest Barker (translator)19950documented
The Measure of Civilization: How Social Development Decides the Fate oIan Morris20130documented
The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the StoWalter Scheidel20180documented
The Rise and Demise: Comparing World-SystemsChristopher Chase-Dunn, Thomas D. Hall20140documented
The Oxford Handbook of World HistoryJerry H. Bentley20160documented
Names cited but not yet documented (most-cited 60)
Imf fiscal data4unverified name
National infrastructure statistics4unverified name
Imf government finance3unverified name
Green1991 alexander of macedon2unverified name
Wilkinson2003 nile valley civilization2unverified name
Nuclear weapons archive2unverified name
Scientific output data2unverified name
Argos2unverified name
Argos2unverified name
Mauryan Empire2unverified name
Delian League2unverified name
Corinth2unverified name
Corinth2unverified name
Swiss Confederacy2unverified name
Mamluk Sultanate2unverified name
Battle of Cannae (Wikipedia; secondary aggregator, stub-grade)2unverified name
Siege of Baghdad (1258) (Wikipedia; secondary aggregator, stub-grade)2unverified name
Battle of Lepanto (Wikipedia; secondary aggregator, stub-grade)2unverified name
Thirty Years' War (Wikipedia; secondary aggregator, stub-grade)2unverified name
Battle of Trafalgar (Wikipedia; secondary aggregator, stub-grade)2unverified name
Napoleonic Wars (Wikipedia; secondary aggregator, stub-grade)2unverified name
Taiping Rebellion (Wikipedia; secondary aggregator, stub-grade)2unverified name
Mann2011 14931unverified name
Crowley2005 14531unverified name
Ward perkins2005 fall rome1unverified name
Twitchett2009 cambridge history china vol71unverified name
Cohen1999 newton revolution1unverified name
Bodde1986 state and society in china1unverified name
Yates1995 state control in china1unverified name
Gernet1996 history chinese civilization1unverified name
Thomas1993 conquest mexico1unverified name
Twitchett1979 cambridge history china vol31unverified name
Standen2009 alternative narratives1unverified name
Bureau economic analysis1unverified name
Hyslop1984 inca road system1unverified name
Daltroy2002 inca empire1unverified name
Phillipson2012 foundations african archaeology1unverified name
Laurence1999 roads roman empire1unverified name
Kennedy1986 prophet caliphs1unverified name
Van de mieroop2004 history ancient near east1unverified name
Baines1991 visual written culture1unverified name
Chinese infrastructure statistics1unverified name
Wolters1999 history culture region1unverified name
Van schaik2011 tibet history1unverified name
Mcintosh1998 peoples africa1unverified name
Us dot statistics1unverified name
Oecd government statistics1unverified name
World bank governance1unverified name
Historical military records1unverified name
Bellina2014 maritime silk road1unverified name
Akbar1unverified name
Al Biruni1unverified name
Al Farabi1unverified name
Al Ghazali1unverified name
Al Kindi1unverified name
Alexander The Great1unverified name
Archimedes1unverified name
Aristotle1unverified name
Augustus1unverified name
Buddha1unverified name

Art: Patterns of Civilization chronicle art, made with AI: illustrations, not historical evidence. Entries are drafts preserved from civilization.study. Method and sources.