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Polity

Majapahit Empire

Majapahit Empire (1293-1527 CE) - A major Southeast Asian empire that controlled extensive territories in Indonesia, known for maritime trade and cultural achievements.

Overview

The Majapahit Empire (1293-1527 CE) was a major Southeast Asian empire that controlled extensive territories in Indonesia, known for maritime trade and cultural achievements. It exemplifies Southeast Asian state formation and maritime empire dynamics.

Formation

  • Formation Date: 1293 CE - State formation
  • Formation Event: majapahit formation 1293ce
  • Key Actors: Raden Wijaya (founder)
  • Context: Preceded by Srivijaya (c. 650-1377 CE)
  • Formation Process: State formation, expansion

Persistence

  • Key Periods:
    • Early Period (1293-1400 CE): Initial consolidation, expansion
    • Peak Period (1400-1527 CE): Peak expansion, maritime trade
  • Internal Developments:
    • Administrative systems
    • Maritime trade networks
    • Cultural achievements
  • Administrative Structure: Monarchical administration
  • Territorial Changes:
    • Expansion into Indonesia and maritime Southeast Asia
    • Peak expansion (1400 CE)
  • Key Events:
    • Various trade events
    • Various cultural achievements
    • Final decline (1527 CE)

Transformation

  • Transformation Date: 1527 CE - Final decline
  • Transformation Event: majapahit decline 1527ce
  • Transformation Process: Final decline, fragmentation
  • Successor: Various successor states

Dissolution

  • Dissolution Date: 1527 CE - Final decline
  • Dissolution Event: majapahit decline 1527ce
  • Dissolution Process: Final decline, fragmentation
  • Successor States: Various successor states

Predecessors

Successors

  • Various successor states (post-1527 CE)

Concurrent Polities

  • Srivijaya (c. 650-1377 CE) - Parent empire (early period)
  • Khmer Empire (802-1431 CE) - Neighboring Southeast Asian empire
  • Various Southeast Asian polities
About this entry

A draft entry preserved from civilization.study. Evidence grade: strong. 1 of 2 listed sources are fully documented; the rest are names only. Method and sources

Links to Claims

Links to Patterns

Links to Events

  • Various trade events
  • Various cultural achievements
  • Final decline (1527 CE)

Links to People

  • Various Majapahit rulers

Links to Data

  • Southeast Asian/Maritime institutional data (if applicable)
  • Southeast Asian/Maritime trade data (if applicable)

Notes

  • Source quality: Strong - well-documented in historical sources
  • Integration: Links to existing claim cards, patterns

Conflicts

Conflicts this polity is recorded in. Cards are generated from Civitas's war records; every one is a draft estimate and none is Official.

How to read the evidence badges
Primary text read
Civitas read the ancient or primary text for at least one figure on this card. Other figures may still be Wikipedia-compiled and are labelled.
Generic placeholder: waves for a naval action. Not an image of this event.
naval expedition · 22 January-early August 1293

Mongol (Yuan) Invasion of Java (1293 CE)

Yuan expedition against Singhasari becomes entangled in the founding of Majapahit (Ricklefs 2008; Hall 1985 contexts).

Evidence: Primary text read Draft estimate

What the record says

  • Unverified (Wikipedia-compiled) Dates 22 January - early August 1293; outcome: Majapahit victory (Wikipedia infobox).
  • Unverified (Wikipedia-compiled) Wikipedia (stub): Yuan 20,000-30,000 men with 500-1,000 ships; Yuan dead 12,000-18,000; Javanese dead ~5,000. Low confidence; Javanese sources (Kidung Harsawijaya) are late.
  • Candidate sources Candidate formal sources listed in the Wikipedia infobox/lead for this topic (METADATA-VERIFIED ONLY via Crossref/Open Library; NOT read; relevance to the figures above unverified): Coedès George 1996, The Indianized States of Southeast Asia.
  • Primary text PRIMARY-SOURCE (read 2026-10-12): Yuan shi 210 (Java): Zhiyuan 29 (1292) 2nd month, troops of Fujian, Jiangxi and Huguang "in all 20,000", 1,000 ships, a year's grain; Zhiyuan 30 (1293) 3rd month: the Kediri king fought "with more than 100,000"; "tens of thousands" drowned in the river and "more than 5,000 killed"; the Kediri king surrendered; on 4/19 Raden Wijaya (土罕必闍耶) turned on the Yuan escort; the army withdrew on 4/24. "Of all expeditions overseas, Java was the largest". Yuan official history; claims.

Confidence. low.

Where it sits

Sources and evidence

No page-level citation is claimed for any source. Figures marked unverified come from a Wikipedia aggregator and are not for Official use.

Link to this conflict

Art: Patterns of Civilization chronicle art, made with AI: illustrations, not historical evidence. Entries are drafts preserved from civilization.study. Method and sources.