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Polity

Kingdom of Portugal

Kingdom of Portugal (1139-1910 CE) - A major Iberian kingdom that maintained independence and became a global maritime power, eventually becoming a republic.

Western / Atlantic

Overview

The Kingdom of Portugal (1139-1910 CE) was a major Iberian kingdom that maintained independence and became a global maritime power, eventually becoming a republic. It exemplifies maritime expansion and global empire formation.

Formation

  • Formation Date: 1139 CE - Independence from León
  • Formation Event: portugal independence 1139ce
  • Key Actors: Afonso I of Portugal (founder)
  • Context: Preceded by Kingdom of León (910-1230 CE)
  • Formation Process: Independence from León, expansion

Persistence

  • Key Periods:
    • Early Period (1139-1415 CE): Initial consolidation, Reconquista completion
    • Maritime Expansion (1415-1580 CE): Global exploration, colonial empire
    • Iberian Union (1580-1640 CE): Union with Spain
    • Restoration (1640-1910 CE): Independence restored, continued colonial presence
  • Internal Developments:
    • Administrative systems
    • Maritime expansion
    • Global trade networks
  • Administrative Structure: Monarchical administration, maritime organization
  • Territorial Changes:
    • Expansion into Africa, Asia, Americas
    • Peak expansion (1600 CE)
  • Key Events:
    • Various maritime exploration events
    • Union with Spain (1580 CE)
    • Restoration of independence (1640 CE)
    • Transition to republic (1910 CE)

Transformation

  • Transformation Date: 1910 CE - Transition to republic
  • Transformation Event: portugal republic 1910ce
  • Transformation Process: Transition to republic
  • Successor: Portugal (republic)

Dissolution

  • Dissolution Date: 1910 CE - Transition to republic
  • Dissolution Event: portugal republic 1910ce
  • Dissolution Process: Transition to republic
  • Successor States: Portugal (republic)

Predecessors

Successors

  • Portugal (republic) - Post-1910 CE

Concurrent Polities

About this entry

A draft entry preserved from civilization.study. Evidence grade: strong. 0 of 2 listed sources are fully documented; the rest are names only. Method and sources

Links to Claims

Links to Patterns

Links to Events

  • Various maritime exploration events
  • Union with Spain (1580 CE)
  • Restoration of independence (1640 CE)
  • Transition to republic (1910 CE)

Links to People

  • Various Portuguese rulers and explorers

Links to Data

  • Western/Atlantic institutional data (if applicable)
  • Western/Atlantic trade data (if applicable)

Notes

  • Source quality: Strong - well-documented in historical sources
  • Integration: Links to existing claim cards, patterns

Conflicts

Conflicts this polity is recorded in. Cards are generated from Civitas's war records; every one is a draft estimate and none is Official.

How to read the evidence badges
Primary text read
Civitas read the ancient or primary text for at least one figure on this card. Other figures may still be Wikipedia-compiled and are labelled.
Generic placeholder: waves for a naval action. Not an image of this event.
naval battle · 3 February 1509

Battle of Diu (1509 CE)

Portuguese defeat of a Mamluk-Gujarati-Calicut fleet, establishing Portuguese naval dominance in the western Indian Ocean (Subrahmanyam 1997 for context).

Evidence: Primary text read Draft estimate

What the record says

  • Unverified (Wikipedia-compiled) Date 3 February 1509; outcome: Portuguese victory (Wikipedia infobox). Casualty entries in the infobox were not cleanly parseable; no numbers asserted.
  • Primary text PRIMARY-SOURCE (read 2026-10-12): Gaspar Correia, Lendas da India t. 1 pt. 2, pp. 945-946 (anno de 1509): the Viceroy's "rol dos mortos, e feridos": dead included Payo Rodrigues de Sousa, captain of a galley; Portuguese "mortos passante de cem homens, quasy todos dos tiros, e feridos mais de trezentos, quasy todos de frechadas"; many Rumes died by artillery, "mas a mor soma foy no mar". Portuguese chronicler writing c. 1550s; claims.

Confidence. medium (date/outcome); no numbers.

Where it sits

Sources and evidence

No page-level citation is claimed for any source. Figures marked unverified come from a Wikipedia aggregator and are not for Official use.

Link to this conflict

Generic placeholder: a wall for a siege. Not an image of this event.
siege · 15 August 1511 (21 Jumada I 917 AH)

Capture of Malacca (1511 CE)

Portuguese amphibious assault on the entrepot of Malacca, giving the Portuguese a base commanding the Strait (Boxer 1969; Andaya & Andaya 1982).

Evidence: Primary text read Draft estimate

What the record says

  • Unverified (Wikipedia-compiled) Date 15 August 1511; outcome: Portuguese capture of Malacca (Wikipedia).
  • Unverified (Wikipedia-compiled) Wikipedia (stub): Portuguese ~1,500 soldiers plus ~800 Chinese and Indian auxiliaries, up to 400 guns, 11 carracks, 3 caravels, 2 galleys; Malaccan ~20,000 men; Malaccan artillery counts of 2,000-8,000 pieces are post-conquest claims and the number actually employed is uncertain; Portuguese dead 28; Malaccan casualties unknown. Portuguese-source-based; one-sided.
  • Note Context: Tome Pires' Suma Oriental (Cortesao ed.) and Boxer 1969 exist (existence verified by author/title/year; not read).
  • Primary text PRIMARY-SOURCE claims: Commentaries of Afonso Dalboquerque vol. 3, ch. 28 (Birch transl., read 2026-10-12): in the second assault "many of our men were wounded, and some of those who were wounded with poison died"; of the Moors, women and children "there died by the sword an infinite number, for no quarter was given"; 3,000 pieces of artillery taken (about 2,000 bronze), while informants claimed 8,000 guns in Malacca. Written by Albuquerque's son; partisan.

Confidence. medium (date/outcome); numbers low (Portuguese-source-based).

Where it sits

Sources and evidence

No page-level citation is claimed for any source. Figures marked unverified come from a Wikipedia aggregator and are not for Official use.

Link to this conflict

Art: Patterns of Civilization chronicle art, made with AI: illustrations, not historical evidence. Entries are drafts preserved from civilization.study. Method and sources.