Data cards

Browse every entry of this kind, alphabetically.

Andean Civilization Fiscal Data 500-1500 CEFiscal capacity estimates for Andean civilization during pre-Columbian period (500-1500 CE), showing labor-based fiscal systems, tax revenue
Andean Civilization GDP Data 500-1500 CEGDP and GDP per capita estimates for Andean civilization during pre-Columbian period (500-1500 CE), showing economic expansion and highland
Andean Civilization Military Size Data 500-1500 CEAndean military size estimates during pre-Columbian period (500-1500 CE), showing labor-based organization and highland adaptation.
Andean Civilization Population Data 500-1500 CEPopulation estimates for Andean civilization during Middle Horizon through Inca periods (500-1500 CE), showing population growth and highlan
Andean Civilization Urbanization Data 500-1500 CEUrbanization estimates for Andean civilization during pre-Columbian period (500-1500 CE), showing moderate urbanization and highland adaptat
Andean Demographic Structure 500-1500 CEDemographic structure data (age structure, life expectancy, fertility, mortality) for Andean civilization during Middle Horizon through Inca
Andean GDP Data (1945-present CE)GDP data for Andean civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-colonial economic development, resource-based econ
Andean Infrastructure Data 500-1500 CEQuantitative data for infrastructure systems (qhapaq ñan road network, terraces, bridges, fortifications, storage systems) in Andean civiliz
Andean Institutional Metrics 500-1500 CEInstitutional metrics for Andean civilization during pre-Inca through Inca periods (500-1500 CE), showing moderate bureaucratic capacity, mo
Andean Military Data (1945-present CE)Military data for Andean civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-colonial military development, modernization,
Andean Population Data (1945-present CE)Population data for Andean civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing rapid population growth, demographic transition,
Andean Technology Index 500-1500 CETechnology index and innovation metrics for Andean civilization during pre-Inca through Inca periods (500-1500 CE), showing moderate technol
Byzantine Civilization Fiscal Data 500-1200 CEFiscal capacity estimates for Byzantine civilization during late antique through medieval periods (500-1200 CE), showing fiscal systems, tax
Byzantine Civilization Population Data 500-1200 CEPopulation estimates for Byzantine civilization during late antique through medieval periods (500-1200 CE), showing population decline and r
Deaths in State-Based Conflicts 1946-Present (UCDP/PRIO via OWID, by region)UCDP/PRIO state-based conflict deaths by OWID world region, sampled every 5 years plus the last year.
Ethiopian/Axumite Civilization Fiscal Data 100-1500 CEFiscal capacity estimates for Ethiopian/Axumite civilization during long period (100-1500 CE), showing highland adaptation fiscal systems, t
Ethiopian/Axumite Civilization GDP Data 100-1500 CEGDP and GDP per capita estimates for Ethiopian/Axumite civilization during long period (100-1500 CE), showing highland adaptation and trade
Ethiopian/Axumite Civilization Military Size Data 100-1500 CEEthiopian/Axumite military size estimates during long period (100-1500 CE), showing highland defensive advantage and trade route control.
Ethiopian/Axumite Civilization Population Data 100-1500 CEPopulation estimates for Ethiopian/Axumite civilization during Axumite through medieval periods (100-1500 CE), showing moderate population a
Ethiopian/Axumite Demographic Structure 100-1500 CEDemographic structure data (age structure, life expectancy, fertility, mortality) for Ethiopian/Axumite civilization during Axumite through
Ethiopian/Axumite GDP Data (1945-present CE)GDP data for Ethiopian/Axumite civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-war economic development, economic chal
Ethiopian/Axumite Infrastructure Data 100-1500 CEQuantitative data for infrastructure systems (road networks, canals, bridges, fortifications, ports) in Ethiopian/Axumite civilization durin
Ethiopian/Axumite Institutional Metrics 100-1500 CEInstitutional metrics for Ethiopian/Axumite civilization during Axumite through medieval Ethiopian periods (100-1500 CE), showing moderate b
Ethiopian/Axumite Military Data (1945-present CE)Military data for Ethiopian/Axumite civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-war military development, regional
Ethiopian/Axumite Population Data (1945-present CE)Population data for Ethiopian/Axumite civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing rapid population growth, demographic
Ethiopian/Axumite Technology Index 100-1500 CETechnology index and innovation metrics for Ethiopian/Axumite civilization during Axumite through medieval Ethiopian periods (100-1500 CE),
Ethiopian/Axumite Urbanization Data 100-1500 CEUrbanization estimates for Ethiopian/Axumite civilization during long period (100-1500 CE), showing moderate urbanization and highland adapt
Greco-Roman GDP Data (1945-present CE)GDP data for Greco-Roman civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-war economic recovery, European integration,
Greco-Roman Military Data (1945-present CE)Military data for Greco-Roman civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-war military development, NATO integrati
Greco-Roman Population Data (1945-present CE)Population data for Greco-Roman civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-war population growth, demographic tra
Greco-Roman/Mediterranean Demographic Structure 100-300 CEDemographic structure data (age structure, life expectancy, fertility, mortality) for Greco-Roman civilization during High Empire and crisis
Greco-Roman/Mediterranean Fiscal Data 100-300 CEFiscal capacity estimates for Greco-Roman/Mediterranean civilization during Roman Empire peak period (100-300 CE), showing fiscal-military r
Greco-Roman/Mediterranean GDP Data 100-300 CEGDP and GDP per capita estimates for Greco-Roman/Mediterranean civilization during Roman Empire peak period (100-300 CE), showing economic i
Greco-Roman/Mediterranean Infrastructure Data 100-300 CEQuantitative data for infrastructure systems (road networks, aqueducts, bridges, fortifications, ports) in Greco-Roman/Mediterranean civiliz
Greco-Roman/Mediterranean Institutional Metrics 100-300 CEInstitutional metrics for Greco-Roman/Mediterranean civilization during Imperial period (100-300 CE), showing moderate-high bureaucratic cap
Greco-Roman/Mediterranean Technology Index 100-300 CETechnology index and innovation metrics for Greco-Roman/Mediterranean civilization during Imperial period (100-300 CE), showing high technol
Greco-Roman/Mediterranean Trade Volume Data 100-300 CETrade volume estimates for Greco-Roman/Mediterranean civilization during High Empire period (100-300 CE), showing moderate trade-to-GDP rati
Greco-Roman/Mediterranean Urbanization Data 100-300 CEUrbanization estimates for Greco-Roman civilization during High Empire period (100-300 CE), showing high urbanization and largest cities glo
Indus/South Asian Civilization Fiscal Data 1000-1500 CEFiscal capacity estimates for Indus/South Asian civilization during medieval period (1000-1500 CE), showing fiscal systems, tax revenue, and
Indus/South Asian Civilization GDP Data 1000-1500 CEGDP and GDP per capita estimates for Indus/South Asian civilization during medieval period (1000-1500 CE), showing large economy and moderat
Indus/South Asian Civilization GDP Data 1800-1945 CEGDP and GDP per capita estimates for Indus/South Asian civilization during modern period (1800-1945 CE), showing Mughal decline, British col
Indus/South Asian Civilization Military Size Data 1000-1500 CEIndus/South Asian military size estimates during medieval period (1000-1500 CE), showing regional variation and trade network integration.
Indus/South Asian Civilization Population Data 1000-1500 CEPopulation estimates for Indus/South Asian civilization during medieval period (1000-1500 CE), showing large population and moderate density
Indus/South Asian Demographic Structure 1000-1500 CEDemographic structure data (age structure, life expectancy, fertility, mortality) for Indus/South Asian civilization during medieval period
Indus/South Asian Fiscal Data (1945-present CE)Fiscal data for Indus/South Asian civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-independence fiscal development, tax
Indus/South Asian GDP Data (1945-present CE)GDP data for Indus/South Asian civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-independence economic growth, industria
Indus/South Asian Infrastructure Data (1945-present CE)Infrastructure data for Indus/South Asian civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing infrastructure development, trans
Indus/South Asian Infrastructure Data 1000-1500 CEQuantitative data for infrastructure systems (road networks, canals, bridges, fortifications) in Indus/South Asian civilization during medie
Indus/South Asian Institutional Metrics 1000-1500 CEInstitutional metrics for Indus/South Asian civilization during medieval period (1000-1500 CE), showing moderate bureaucratic capacity, mode
Indus/South Asian Military Data (1945-present CE)Military data for Indus/South Asian civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-independence military development,
Indus/South Asian Population Data (1945-present CE)Population data for Indus/South Asian civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing rapid population growth, demographic
Indus/South Asian Technology Index 1000-1500 CETechnology index and innovation metrics for Indus/South Asian civilization during medieval period (1000-1500 CE), showing moderate-high tech
Indus/South Asian Trade Volume Data 1000-1500 CETrade volume estimates for Indus/South Asian civilization during medieval period (1000-1500 CE), showing moderate-high trade-to-GDP ratios a
Indus/South Asian Urbanization Data (1945-present CE)Urbanization data for Indus/South Asian civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing rapid urbanization, urban growth, a
Indus/South Asian Urbanization Data 1000-1500 CEUrbanization estimates for Indus/South Asian civilization during medieval period (1000-1500 CE), showing moderate-high urbanization and majo
Inter-State War Battle Deaths 1816-2007 (COW)COW inter-state battle deaths by decade of war start: world, plus proxy series for Western-Atlantic, China (Sinitic), Iran (Persian-Iranian)
Intra-State War Battle Deaths 1816-2007 (COW)COW civil-war battle deaths (both sides) by decade of phase start; lower bound because unknown rows count as zero.
Islamic Civilization Demographic Structure 800-1200 CEDemographic structure data (age structure, life expectancy, fertility, mortality) for Islamic civilization during Abbasid Golden Age and exp
Islamic Civilization Fiscal Data 800-1200 CEFiscal capacity estimates for Islamic civilization during Abbasid Golden Age and expansion period (800-1200 CE), showing fiscal systems, tax
Islamic Civilization GDP Data 1800-1945 CEGDP and GDP per capita estimates for Islamic civilization during modern period (1800-1945 CE), showing Ottoman decline, colonial period, and
Islamic Civilization GDP Data 1945-present CEGDP and GDP per capita estimates for Islamic civilization during "American period" (1945-present CE), showing post-war recovery, oil economy
Islamic Civilization GDP Data 800-1200 CEGDP and GDP per capita estimates for Islamic civilization during Abbasid Golden Age and expansion period (800-1200 CE), showing economic int
Islamic Civilization Military Size Data 800-1200 CEIslamic army size estimates during Abbasid Golden Age and expansion period (800-1200 CE), showing large standing armies and regional variati
Islamic Civilization Population Data 1945-present CEPopulation estimates for Islamic civilization during "American period" (1945-present CE), showing post-war population growth and demographic
Islamic Civilization Population Data 800-1200 CEPopulation estimates for Islamic civilization during Abbasid Golden Age and expansion period (800-1200 CE), showing demographic expansion an
Islamic Civilization Trade Volume Data 800-1200 CETrade volume estimates for Islamic civilization during Abbasid Golden Age (800-1200 CE), showing high trade-to-GDP ratios and Indian Ocean/S
Islamic Civilization Urbanization Data 800-1200 CEUrbanization estimates for Islamic civilization during Abbasid Golden Age and expansion period (800-1200 CE), showing high urbanization and
Islamic Fiscal Data (1945-present CE)Fiscal data for Islamic civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-colonial fiscal development, oil-based revenue
Islamic Infrastructure Data (1945-present CE)Infrastructure data for Islamic civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing infrastructure development, transportation
Islamic Infrastructure Data 800-1200 CEQuantitative data for infrastructure systems (road networks, caravanserais, canals, bridges, fortifications, ports) in Islamic civilization
Islamic Institutional Metrics 800-1200 CEInstitutional metrics for Islamic civilization during Golden Age (800-1200 CE), showing moderate-high bureaucratic capacity, high legal comp
Islamic Military Data (1945-present CE)Military data for Islamic civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-colonial military development, regional conf
Islamic Technology Index 800-1200 CETechnology index and innovation metrics for Islamic civilization during Golden Age (800-1200 CE), showing high technological sophistication
Islamic Urbanization Data (1945-present CE)Urbanization data for Islamic civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing rapid urbanization, urban growth, and megacit
Mesoamerican Civilization Fiscal Data 500-1500 CEFiscal capacity estimates for Mesoamerican civilization during pre-Columbian period (500-1500 CE), showing tribute-based fiscal systems, tax
Mesoamerican Civilization GDP Data 500-1500 CEGDP and GDP per capita estimates for Mesoamerican civilization during pre-Columbian period (500-1500 CE), showing economic expansion and Cla
Mesoamerican Civilization Military Size Data 500-1500 CEMesoamerican military size estimates during pre-Columbian period (500-1500 CE), showing variable size and tribute-based organization.
Mesoamerican Civilization Population Data 500-1500 CEPopulation estimates for Mesoamerican civilization during Classic and Post-Classic periods (500-1500 CE), showing population growth, peak, a
Mesoamerican Civilization Urbanization Data 500-1500 CEUrbanization estimates for Mesoamerican civilization during pre-Columbian period (500-1500 CE), showing variable urbanization and major urba
Mesoamerican Demographic Structure 500-1500 CEDemographic structure data (age structure, life expectancy, fertility, mortality) for Mesoamerican civilization during Classic and Post-Clas
Mesoamerican GDP Data (1945-present CE)GDP data for Mesoamerican civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-colonial economic development, industrializa
Mesoamerican Infrastructure Data 500-1500 CEQuantitative data for infrastructure systems (sacbeob road networks, canals, bridges, fortifications) in Mesoamerican civilization during Cl
Mesoamerican Institutional Metrics 500-1500 CEInstitutional metrics for Mesoamerican civilization during Classic through Post-Classic periods (500-1500 CE), showing moderate bureaucratic
Mesoamerican Military Data (1945-present CE)Military data for Mesoamerican civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-colonial military development, moderniz
Mesoamerican Population Data (1945-present CE)Population data for Mesoamerican civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing rapid population growth, demographic trans
Mesoamerican Technology Index 500-1500 CETechnology index and innovation metrics for Mesoamerican civilization during Classic through Post-Classic periods (500-1500 CE), showing mod
Mesopotamian Civilization Fiscal Data 2000-500 BCEFiscal capacity estimates for Mesopotamian civilization during ancient period (2000-500 BCE), showing early fiscal systems, tax revenue, and
Mesopotamian Civilization GDP Data 2000-500 BCEGDP and GDP per capita estimates for Mesopotamian civilization during ancient period (2000-500 BCE), showing early urbanization and economic
Mesopotamian Civilization Military Size Data 2000-500 BCEMesopotamian military size estimates during ancient period (2000-500 BCE), showing early military organization and siegecraft development.
Mesopotamian Civilization Population Data 2000-500 BCEPopulation estimates for Mesopotamian civilization during Bronze and Iron Age periods (2000-500 BCE), showing early urbanization and populat
Mesopotamian Civilization Urbanization Data 2000-500 BCEUrbanization estimates for Mesopotamian civilization during ancient period (2000-500 BCE), showing early high urbanization and city-state or
Mesopotamian Demographic Structure 2000-500 BCEDemographic structure data (age structure, life expectancy, fertility, mortality) for Mesopotamian civilization during Bronze and Iron Age p
Mesopotamian GDP Data (1945-present CE)GDP data for Mesopotamian civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-colonial economic development, oil-based eco
Mesopotamian Infrastructure Data 2000-500 BCEQuantitative data for infrastructure systems (irrigation canals, roads, bridges, fortifications, ziggurats) in Mesopotamian civilization dur
Mesopotamian Institutional Metrics 2000-500 BCEInstitutional metrics for Mesopotamian civilization during ancient period (2000-500 BCE), showing early bureaucratic capacity, high legal co
Mesopotamian Military Data (1945-present CE)Military data for Mesopotamian civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-colonial military development, moderniz
Mesopotamian Population Data (1945-present CE)Population data for Mesopotamian civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing rapid population growth, demographic trans
Mesopotamian Technology Index 2000-500 BCETechnology index and innovation metrics for Mesopotamian civilization during ancient period (2000-500 BCE), showing early technological lead
Military Expenditure Before 1949, Civilization Proxies (COW NMC v7)COW National Material Capabilities v7 milex for proxy states: thousands of current GBP for 1816-1913 and current USD for 1914+; selected dec
Military Spending 1960-Present, Civilization Proxies (SIPRI via OWID)SIPRI military expenditure (% GDP and constant 2024 US$) for modern states used as proxies for the 15 civilizations; decadal samples.
Modern China GDP Data 1949-present CEGDP and GDP per capita estimates for modern China (People's Republic of China) 1949-present CE, showing post-revolution economic transformat
Nile Valley Civilization Fiscal Data 2000-500 BCEFiscal capacity estimates for Nile Valley civilization during ancient period (2000-500 BCE), showing stable fiscal systems, tax revenue, and
Nile Valley Civilization GDP Data 2000-500 BCEGDP and GDP per capita estimates for Nile Valley civilization during ancient period (2000-500 BCE), showing stable economy and high agricult
Nile Valley Civilization Military Size Data 2000-500 BCENile Valley military size estimates during ancient period (2000-500 BCE), showing stable military organization and defensive advantage.
Nile Valley Civilization Population Data 2000-500 BCEPopulation estimates for Nile Valley civilization during Bronze and Iron Age periods (2000-500 BCE), showing stable population and high agri
Nile Valley Demographic Structure 2000-500 BCEDemographic structure data (age structure, life expectancy, fertility, mortality) for Nile Valley civilization during Bronze and Iron Age pe
Nile Valley GDP Data (1945-present CE)GDP data for Nile Valley civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-colonial economic development, resource-based
Nile Valley Infrastructure Data 2000-500 BCEQuantitative data for infrastructure systems (irrigation canals, roads, bridges, fortifications, pyramids) in Nile Valley civilization durin
Nile Valley Institutional Metrics 2000-500 BCEInstitutional metrics for Nile Valley civilization during ancient period (2000-500 BCE), showing moderate-high bureaucratic capacity, modera
Nile Valley Military Data (1945-present CE)Military data for Nile Valley civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-colonial military development, moderniza
Nile Valley Population Data (1945-present CE)Population data for Nile Valley civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing rapid population growth, demographic transi
Nile Valley Technology Index 2000-500 BCETechnology index and innovation metrics for Nile Valley civilization during ancient period (2000-500 BCE), showing high technological sophis
Nile Valley Urbanization Data 2000-500 BCEUrbanization estimates for Nile Valley civilization during ancient period (2000-500 BCE), showing high urbanization and administrative coord
Persian/Iranian Civilization Fiscal Data 500 BCE-600 CEFiscal capacity estimates for Persian/Iranian civilization during imperial period (500 BCE-600 CE), showing fiscal systems, tax revenue, and
Persian/Iranian Civilization GDP Data 500 BCE-600 CEGDP and GDP per capita estimates for Persian/Iranian civilization during imperial period (500 BCE-600 CE), showing economic integration and
Persian/Iranian Civilization Military Size Data 500 BCE-600 CEPersian/Iranian military size estimates during imperial period (500 BCE-600 CE), showing cavalry dominance and imperial coordination.
Persian/Iranian Civilization Population Data 500 BCE-600 CEPopulation estimates for Persian/Iranian civilization during Achaemenid through Sassanid periods (500 BCE-600 CE), showing moderate populati
Persian/Iranian Demographic Structure 500 BCE-600 CEDemographic structure data (age structure, life expectancy, fertility, mortality) for Persian/Iranian civilization during Achaemenid through
Persian/Iranian Fiscal Data (1945-present CE)Fiscal data for Persian/Iranian civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-war fiscal development, oil-based reve
Persian/Iranian GDP Data (1945-present CE)GDP data for Persian/Iranian civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-war economic development, oil-based econo
Persian/Iranian Infrastructure Data (1945-present CE)Infrastructure data for Persian/Iranian civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing infrastructure development, transpo
Persian/Iranian Infrastructure Data 500 BCE-600 CEQuantitative data for infrastructure systems (royal roads, canals, bridges, fortifications) in Persian/Iranian civilization during Achaemeni
Persian/Iranian Institutional Metrics 500 BCE-600 CEInstitutional metrics for Persian/Iranian civilization during Achaemenid through Sasanian periods (500 BCE-600 CE), showing moderate-high bu
Persian/Iranian Military Data (1945-present CE)Military data for Persian/Iranian civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-war military development, regional c
Persian/Iranian Population Data (1945-present CE)Population data for Persian/Iranian civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing rapid population growth, demographic tr
Persian/Iranian Technology Index 500 BCE-600 CETechnology index and innovation metrics for Persian/Iranian civilization during Achaemenid through Sasanian periods (500 BCE-600 CE), showin
Persian/Iranian Trade Volume Data 500 BCE-600 CETrade volume estimates for Persian/Iranian civilization during imperial period (500 BCE-600 CE), showing moderate trade-to-GDP ratios and Si
Persian/Iranian Urbanization Data (1945-present CE)Urbanization data for Persian/Iranian civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing rapid urbanization, urban growth, and
Persian/Iranian Urbanization Data 500 BCE-600 CEUrbanization estimates for Persian/Iranian civilization during imperial period (500 BCE-600 CE), showing moderate urbanization and imperial
Premodern and Early-Modern Battle/War Casualty RangesTable of published casualty ranges for single battles and wars in this patch; ESTIMATED: ranges are secondary-source compilations (stub) exc
Roman Military Size Data 100-300 CERoman army size estimates during High Empire period (100-300 CE), showing large standing army and high militarization level.
Roman Population Data 100-300 CEPopulation estimates for Roman Empire during High Empire period (100-300 CE), showing large population and moderate density.
Sinitic/East Asian Civilization GDP Data 1800-1945 CEGDP and GDP per capita estimates for Sinitic/East Asian civilization during modern period (1800-1945 CE), showing Qing decline, Republic of
Sinitic/East Asian Civilization GDP Data 1945-present CEGDP and GDP per capita estimates for Sinitic/East Asian civilization during "American period" (1945-present CE), showing post-war recovery,
Sinitic/East Asian Civilization Military Data 1945-present CEMilitary size, expenditure, and nuclear weapons data for Sinitic/East Asian civilization during "American period" (1945-present CE), showing
Sinitic/East Asian Civilization Population Data 1800-1945 CEPopulation estimates for Sinitic/East Asian civilization during modern period (1800-1945 CE), showing Qing population growth, Republic of Ch
Sinitic/East Asian Civilization Population Data 1945-present CEPopulation estimates for Sinitic/East Asian civilization during "American period" (1945-present CE), showing post-war recovery, demographic
Sinitic/East Asian Civilization Technology Index 1945-present CETechnology index estimates for Sinitic/East Asian civilization during "American period" (1945-present CE), showing post-war recovery, techno
Sinitic/East Asian Demographic Structure 1000-1500 CEDemographic structure data (age structure, life expectancy, fertility, mortality) for Sinitic civilization during Song-Yuan-Ming period (100
Sinitic/East Asian Demographic Structure Data 1945-present CEDemographic structure estimates for Sinitic civilization during American period (1945-present CE), showing age structure, life expectancy, f
Sinitic/East Asian Fiscal Capacity Data 1945-present CEFiscal capacity estimates for Sinitic civilization during American period (1945-present CE), showing fiscal transformation, tax capacity, an
Sinitic/East Asian Fiscal Data 1000-1500 CEFiscal capacity estimates for Sinitic civilization during Song-Yuan-Ming period (1000-1500 CE), showing fiscal systems, tax revenue, and fis
Sinitic/East Asian GDP Data 1000-1500 CEGDP and GDP per capita estimates for Sinitic civilization during Song-Yuan-Ming period (1000-1500 CE), showing economic expansion and high c
Sinitic/East Asian Infrastructure Data 1000-1500 CEQuantitative data for infrastructure systems (Grand Canal, road networks, Great Wall, bridges, fortifications) in Sinitic/East Asian civiliz
Sinitic/East Asian Infrastructure Data 1945-present CEInfrastructure estimates for Sinitic civilization during American period (1945-present CE), showing road networks, transportation systems, c
Sinitic/East Asian Institutional Metrics 1000-1500 CEInstitutional metrics for Sinitic civilization during Song-Yuan-Ming period (1000-1500 CE), showing high bureaucratic capacity, legal comple
Sinitic/East Asian Military Size Data 1000-1500 CESinitic army size estimates during Song-Yuan-Ming period (1000-1500 CE), showing large standing armies and high militarization during some p
Sinitic/East Asian Population Data 1000-1500 CEPopulation estimates for Sinitic civilization during Song-Yuan-Ming period (1000-1500 CE), showing demographic expansion and high population
Sinitic/East Asian Technology Index 1000-1500 CETechnology index and innovation metrics for Sinitic civilization during Song-Yuan-Ming period (1000-1500 CE), showing high technological sop
Sinitic/East Asian Trade Volume Data 1000-1500 CETrade volume estimates for Sinitic civilization during Song-Yuan-Ming period (1000-1500 CE), showing moderate-high trade-to-GDP ratios and S
Sinitic/East Asian Trade Volume Data 1945-present CETrade volume estimates for Sinitic civilization during American period (1945-present CE), showing trade-to-GDP ratios, trade network expansi
Sinitic/East Asian Urbanization Data 1000-1500 CEUrbanization estimates for Sinitic civilization during Song-Yuan-Ming period (1000-1500 CE), showing high urbanization levels and largest ci
Sinitic/East Asian Urbanization Data 1945-present CEUrbanization estimates for Sinitic civilization during American period (1945-present CE), showing rapid urban population growth, city size,
Southeast Asian Maritime Civilization Fiscal Data 800-1500 CEFiscal capacity estimates for Southeast Asian Maritime civilization during medieval period (800-1500 CE), showing trade-based fiscal systems
Southeast Asian Maritime Civilization GDP Data 800-1500 CEGDP and GDP per capita estimates for Southeast Asian Maritime civilization during medieval period (800-1500 CE), showing trade network integ
Southeast Asian Maritime Civilization Military Size Data 800-1500 CESoutheast Asian Maritime military size estimates during medieval period (800-1500 CE), showing naval emphasis and port polity defense.
Southeast Asian Maritime GDP Data (1945-present CE)GDP data for Southeast Asian Maritime civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-colonial economic development, r
Southeast Asian Maritime Military Data (1945-present CE)Military data for Southeast Asian Maritime civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-colonial military developme
Southeast Asian Maritime Population Data (1945-present CE)Population data for Southeast Asian Maritime civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing rapid population growth, demog
Southeast Asian Maritime Trade Volume Data 800-1500 CETrade volume estimates for Southeast Asian Maritime civilization during medieval period (800-1500 CE), showing high trade-to-GDP ratios and
Southeast Asian Maritime Urbanization Data 800-1500 CEUrbanization estimates for Southeast Asian Maritime civilization during medieval period (800-1500 CE), showing moderate urbanization and por
Southeast Asian/Maritime Civilization Population Data 800-1500 CEPopulation estimates for Southeast Asian/Maritime civilization during medieval period (800-1500 CE), showing moderate population and maritim
Southeast Asian/Maritime Demographic Structure 800-1500 CEDemographic structure data (age structure, life expectancy, fertility, mortality) for Southeast Asian/Maritime civilization during medieval
Southeast Asian/Maritime Infrastructure Data 800-1500 CEQuantitative data for infrastructure systems (road networks, canals, bridges, fortifications, ports) in Southeast Asian/Maritime civilizatio
Southeast Asian/Maritime Institutional Metrics 800-1500 CEInstitutional metrics for Southeast Asian/Maritime civilization during Srivijaya-Majapahit-Melaka periods (800-1500 CE), showing moderate bu
Southeast Asian/Maritime Technology Index 800-1500 CETechnology index and innovation metrics for Southeast Asian/Maritime civilization during Srivijaya-Majapahit-Melaka periods (800-1500 CE), s
Steppe/Central Eurasian Civilization Fiscal Data 500 BCE-1500 CEFiscal capacity estimates for Steppe/Central Eurasian civilization during long period (500 BCE-1500 CE), showing mobility-based fiscal syste
Steppe/Central Eurasian Civilization GDP Data 500 BCE-1500 CEGDP and GDP per capita estimates for Steppe/Central Eurasian civilization during long period (500 BCE-1500 CE), showing very low GDP due to
Steppe/Central Eurasian Civilization Military Size Data 500 BCE-1500 CESteppe/Central Eurasian military size estimates during long period (500 BCE-1500 CE), showing mobility-based organization, cavalry dominance
Steppe/Central Eurasian Civilization Population Data 500 BCE-1500 CEPopulation estimates for Steppe/Central Eurasian civilization during various confederation periods (500 BCE-1500 CE), showing low population
Steppe/Central Eurasian Demographic Structure 500 BCE-1500 CEDemographic structure data (age structure, life expectancy, fertility, mortality) for Steppe/Central Eurasian civilization during various co
Steppe/Central Eurasian Fiscal Data (1945-present CE)Fiscal data for Steppe/Central Eurasian civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing Soviet/post-Soviet fiscal developme
Steppe/Central Eurasian GDP Data (1945-present CE)GDP data for Steppe/Central Eurasian civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing Soviet/post-Soviet economic developmen
Steppe/Central Eurasian Infrastructure Data (1945-present CE)Infrastructure data for Steppe/Central Eurasian civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing Soviet/post-Soviet infrastr
Steppe/Central Eurasian Infrastructure Data 500 BCE-1500 CEQuantitative data for infrastructure systems (trade route roads, bridges, fortifications) in Steppe/Central Eurasian civilization during nom
Steppe/Central Eurasian Institutional Metrics 500 BCE-1500 CEInstitutional metrics for Steppe/Central Eurasian civilization during nomadic empire periods (500 BCE-1500 CE), showing low-moderate bureauc
Steppe/Central Eurasian Military Data (1945-present CE)Military data for Steppe/Central Eurasian civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing Soviet/post-Soviet military devel
Steppe/Central Eurasian Population Data (1945-present CE)Population data for Steppe/Central Eurasian civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-war population growth, dem
Steppe/Central Eurasian Technology Index 500 BCE-1500 CETechnology index and innovation metrics for Steppe/Central Eurasian civilization during nomadic empire periods (500 BCE-1500 CE), showing mo
Steppe/Central Eurasian Trade Volume Data 500 BCE-1500 CETrade volume estimates for Steppe/Central Eurasian civilization during long period (500 BCE-1500 CE), showing moderate trade-to-GDP ratios a
Steppe/Central Eurasian Urbanization Data (1945-present CE)Urbanization data for Steppe/Central Eurasian civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing Soviet/post-Soviet urbanizati
Steppe/Central Eurasian Urbanization Data 500 BCE-1500 CEUrbanization estimates for Steppe/Central Eurasian civilization during long period (500 BCE-1500 CE), showing very low urbanization due to m
Tang Registered Households and Persons, 754-764 CE (Tongdian via Wenxian Tongkao)Registered households 754-764 and persons 755/760, transcribed from primary-source text read in session; illustrates the registration collap
Tibetan Civilization Fiscal Data 500-1500 CEFiscal capacity estimates for Tibetan civilization during medieval period (500-1500 CE), showing highland adaptation fiscal systems, tax rev
Tibetan Civilization GDP Data 500-1500 CEGDP and GDP per capita estimates for Tibetan civilization during medieval period (500-1500 CE), showing highland adaptation and trade networ
Tibetan Civilization Military Size Data 500-1500 CETibetan military size estimates during medieval period (500-1500 CE), showing highland defensive advantage and trade route control.
Tibetan Civilization Population Data 500-1500 CEPopulation estimates for Tibetan civilization during Tibetan Empire through medieval periods (500-1500 CE), showing moderate population and
Tibetan Demographic Structure 500-1500 CEDemographic structure data (age structure, life expectancy, fertility, mortality) for Tibetan civilization during Tibetan Empire through med
Tibetan GDP Data (1945-present CE)GDP data for Tibetan civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-1950 economic development, integration with China
Tibetan Infrastructure Data 500-1500 CEQuantitative data for infrastructure systems (road networks, bridges, fortifications, monastic infrastructure) in Tibetan civilization durin
Tibetan Institutional Metrics 500-1500 CEInstitutional metrics for Tibetan civilization during pre-Buddhist through medieval Tibetan periods (500-1500 CE), showing low-moderate bure
Tibetan Military Data (1945-present CE)Military data for Tibetan civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-1950 military integration with China and def
Tibetan Population Data (1945-present CE)Population data for Tibetan civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing population growth, demographic transition, and
Tibetan Technology Index 500-1500 CETechnology index and innovation metrics for Tibetan civilization during pre-Buddhist through medieval Tibetan periods (500-1500 CE), showing
Tibetan Urbanization Data 500-1500 CEUrbanization estimates for Tibetan civilization during medieval period (500-1500 CE), showing low-moderate urbanization and highland adaptat
United States GDP Data 1945-present CE ("American Period")GDP and GDP per capita estimates for United States during "American period" (1945-present CE), showing post-war economic dominance, Cold War
West African/Sahelian Civilization Fiscal Data 800-1500 CEFiscal capacity estimates for West African/Sahelian civilization during medieval period (800-1500 CE), showing trade-based fiscal systems, t
West African/Sahelian Civilization GDP Data 800-1500 CEGDP and GDP per capita estimates for West African/Sahelian civilization during medieval period (800-1500 CE), showing trade network integrat
West African/Sahelian Civilization Military Size Data 800-1500 CEWest African/Sahelian military size estimates during medieval period (800-1500 CE), showing trade route security and regional variation.
West African/Sahelian Civilization Population Data 800-1500 CEPopulation estimates for West African/Sahelian civilization during medieval period (800-1500 CE), showing moderate population and trade netw
West African/Sahelian Demographic Structure 800-1500 CEDemographic structure data (age structure, life expectancy, fertility, mortality) for West African/Sahelian civilization during medieval per
West African/Sahelian GDP Data (1945-present CE)GDP data for West African/Sahelian civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-colonial economic development, reso
West African/Sahelian Infrastructure Data 800-1500 CEQuantitative data for infrastructure systems (trade route roads, canals, bridges, fortifications) in West African/Sahelian civilization duri
West African/Sahelian Institutional Metrics 800-1500 CEInstitutional metrics for West African/Sahelian civilization during Ghana-Mali-Songhay periods (800-1500 CE), showing moderate bureaucratic
West African/Sahelian Military Data (1945-present CE)Military data for West African/Sahelian civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing post-colonial military development,
West African/Sahelian Population Data (1945-present CE)Population data for West African/Sahelian civilization during the modern period (1945-present CE), showing rapid population growth, demograp
West African/Sahelian Technology Index 800-1500 CETechnology index and innovation metrics for West African/Sahelian civilization during Ghana-Mali-Songhay periods (800-1500 CE), showing mode
West African/Sahelian Trade Volume Data 800-1500 CETrade volume estimates for West African/Sahelian civilization during medieval period (800-1500 CE), showing high trade-to-GDP ratios and tra
West African/Sahelian Urbanization Data 800-1500 CEUrbanization estimates for West African/Sahelian civilization during medieval period (800-1500 CE), showing moderate urbanization and trade
Western/Atlantic Civilization Fiscal Data 1500-1800 CEFiscal capacity estimates for Western/Atlantic civilization during early modern period (1500-1800 CE), showing fiscal-military state dynamic
Western/Atlantic Civilization GDP Data 1500-1800 CEGDP and GDP per capita estimates for Western/Atlantic civilization during early modern period (1500-1800 CE), showing economic expansion and
Western/Atlantic Civilization GDP Data 1800-1945 CEGDP and GDP per capita estimates for Western/Atlantic civilization during modern period (1800-1945 CE), showing industrial revolution expans
Western/Atlantic Civilization GDP Data 1945-present CE ("American Period")GDP and GDP per capita estimates for Western/Atlantic civilization during "American period" (1945-present CE), showing post-war growth, Cold
Western/Atlantic Civilization Military Data 1800-1945 CEMilitary size, expenditure, and technology data for Western/Atlantic civilization during modern period (1800-1945 CE), showing industrial re
Western/Atlantic Civilization Military Data 1945-present CE ("American Period")Military size, expenditure, and nuclear weapons data for Western/Atlantic civilization during "American period" (1945-present CE), showing C
Western/Atlantic Civilization Military Size Data 1500-1800 CEWestern/Atlantic military size estimates during early modern period (1500-1800 CE), showing military revolution, naval expansion, and fiscal
Western/Atlantic Civilization Population Data 1800-1945 CEPopulation estimates for Western/Atlantic civilization during modern period (1800-1945 CE), showing demographic transition, population growt
Western/Atlantic Civilization Population Data 1945-present CE ("American Period")Population estimates for Western/Atlantic civilization during "American period" (1945-present CE), showing post-war baby boom, demographic t
Western/Atlantic Civilization Technology Index 1800-1945 CETechnology index estimates for Western/Atlantic civilization during modern period (1800-1945 CE), showing industrial revolution expansion, s
Western/Atlantic Civilization Technology Index 1945-present CE ("American Period")Technology index estimates for Western/Atlantic civilization during "American period" (1945-present CE), showing nuclear age, space age, inf
Western/Atlantic Demographic Structure 1500-1800 CEDemographic structure data (age structure, life expectancy, fertility, mortality) for Western/Atlantic civilization during early modern peri
Western/Atlantic Demographic Structure Data 1945-present CEDemographic structure estimates for Western/Atlantic civilization during American period (1945-present CE), showing age structure, life expe
Western/Atlantic Fiscal Capacity Data 1945-present CEFiscal capacity estimates for Western/Atlantic civilization during American period (1945-present CE), showing fiscal-military state dynamics
Western/Atlantic Infrastructure Data 1500-1800 CEQuantitative data for infrastructure systems (road networks, canals, bridges, fortifications, ports) in Western/Atlantic civilization during
Western/Atlantic Infrastructure Data 1945-present CEInfrastructure estimates for Western/Atlantic civilization during American period (1945-present CE), showing road networks, transportation s
Western/Atlantic Institutional Metrics 1500-1800 CEInstitutional metrics for Western/Atlantic civilization during early modern period (1500-1800 CE), showing moderate-high bureaucratic capaci
Western/Atlantic Institutional Metrics Data 1945-present CEInstitutional metrics estimates for Western/Atlantic civilization during American period (1945-present CE), showing bureaucratic capacity, l
Western/Atlantic Technology Index 1500-1800 CETechnology index and innovation metrics for Western/Atlantic civilization during military and industrial revolutions (1500-1800 CE), showing
Western/Atlantic Trade Volume Data 1945-present CETrade volume estimates for Western/Atlantic civilization during American period (1945-present CE), showing trade-to-GDP ratios, trade networ
Western/Atlantic Urbanization Data 1500-1800 CEUrbanization estimates for Western/Atlantic civilization during early modern period (1500-1800 CE), showing urbanization transformation and
Western/Atlantic Urbanization Data 1945-present CEUrbanization estimates for Western/Atlantic civilization during American period (1945-present CE), showing urban population growth, city siz

Art: Patterns of Civilization chronicle art, made with AI: illustrations, not historical evidence. Entries are drafts preserved from civilization.study. Method and sources.